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Learning-adjusted years of schooling vs. Electoral Democracy Index
Learning-adjusted years of schooling merge the quantity and quality of education into one metric, accounting for the fact that similar durations of schooling can yield different learning outcomes. The electoral democracy index is by V-Dem, based on expert estimates, and ranges from 0 to 1 (most democratic).
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World Bank based on methodology in Filmer et al. (2018); V-Dem (2026)
Attribution: World Bank
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